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Fear of public opinion? The change promised

by Jesus E. Ibarra

In Mexico, the election of federal and local legislators held every three years without the possibility of reelection. Article 59 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the re-election Mexican federal deputies and senators, while Article 116 forbids the local deputies. Legislators who served as local representatives, usually seek to be federal deputies, federal representatives for their part, looking for a place in the Senate, and vice versa. They can make as many times as they like, provided they be favored by popular vote. This is not precluded by the Constitution, so it is normal to see MPs to campaign before the end of his term. If allowed the reelection, this is not necessary, obviously.

Because people can not re-elect their representatives, some legislators (not to generalize) become representatives of his party and not "elected representatives" as it marks our constitution. In doing so, disregard the interests of the people that elected them very rarely visit the communities of his district and not conducive to the needs of Congress people who gave the vote of confidence. In this way, completely lost the concept of popular representation of representative democracy.

The above is perhaps the main reason why many states have put aside what other developed democracies have implemented for years: referendum. The Dictionary of the Real Academia defines it thus: "Legal process by which are submitted to popular vote laws or administrative acts by the people whose ratification is proposed."

use the state of Sonora as a reference. The figure of the referendum appears two times in the Constitution of the State of Sonora:

Article 57 (3rd paragraph) - The creation, alteration, addition, repeal and repeal of laws or decrees issued by Congress may undergo referendum pursuant to the terms and conditions set forth in the law of matter.

Article 64, section A XXXV - The Congress shall have power to "... regulation and encourage public participation in the state and its municipalities to regulate the figures of their own choosing among which should be considered referendum, popular initiative and local consultation, participation and basic institutions. "


To legislate for this, in the Sonora State Congress have introduced several bills that propose to give life to the referendum, but all without success. are introduced, they take turns to committee and never know of them.

In the neighboring state of Arizona in the U.S., for example, since 1912, in which adopted the State Constitution, the referendum has been given the cornerstone of the political history of that state. Every two years, coupled with the election of representatives, the people vote for or against the various legislative proposals that impact on their daily lives. Even to make changes to the constitution, the people have to pass through voting changes arising (Article 21, Section 1 - CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA ).

Why this has not been adopted in Mexico? Are we not yet fully developed democracy? What are you afraid of elected officials? ... To the view public?


- Jesús Ernesto Ibarra Quijada

Student of Political Science at the University of Arizona

Milena Velba Oiled Fight

by Jesus E. Ibarra

The January 20, 2009 U.S. President-elect will assume the most powerful job in the world: the Presidency of the United States of America. The November election made history. For the first time in the history of this country, the people elected a black president and first Vice-President Catholic. Less than ten years ago, think the U.S. would have a black president in the White House, was a matter of mere fiction. It was a historic choice considering that just 50 years ago, the country segregated blacks from whites in schools, restaurants, public transport, hospitals, including health.

were many promises that were presented in more than 20 months of campaigning. Obama said that change is underway and more hit the motto was: "Yes we can!" Yes We Can! Since January, the new president will have many problems. First, the searing economic crisis, war in the Middle East, domestic social problems, and if this were not enough, adding in the huge federal budget défict inherited by the current administration.

In Mexico we also had historic elections. Such was the case of the 2000 election, when then PAN candidate for President of the Republic, Vicente Fox, won victory after defeating the hegemonic party that remained in the presidency for decades. On that occasion, the theme of "change" was also part of the Fox campaign However, the promise of change does not necessarily translate into welfare for Mexicans. So in the coming year, it is important that people who chose Obama as its president, pay attention to what comes in the many messages of change.

change it can be done. It is important to analyze what promised, how promised and who promised . Hopefully it will not happen as in Mexico after December 1, 2000.


- Jesús Ernesto Ibarra Quijada

Student of Political Science at the University of Arizona